Mastering Book Language
The Key to Reading, Spelling & Writing Success
Most students struggle with reading, spelling, and writing for one simple reason: a limited ability to read, compose, and understand the complex words and sentences found in books. Book language—from the fairy tales we read to young children, to the chapter books and graphic novels popular with elementary students, to extended reading used in secondary grades—is five to twenty times more complex than everyday speech.
For many students, book language feels like a foreign language—filled with multisyllabic words, unfamiliar vocabulary, and complex sentences. Even easily decoded words gain new layers of meaning. For instance, the word "run" has more than 60 definitions and appears in hundreds of everyday phrases, like running late.
Yet this rich language is exactly what students need to understand when reading and express when writing. Fortunately, recent advances in literacy instruction put mastery of complex language within reach for every student.
Language development is at the heart of literacy and underlies most reading and writing difficulties. Up to 60 percent of students with dyslexia also have developmental language disorders (DLD), and almost all experience some degree of language limitation. Today, dyslexia is increasingly recognized as a comprehensive language and writing disability, as reading comprehension and sentence-writing difficulties—the ultimate goals of literacy instruction—frequently co-occur.
The good news is that learning complex language comes naturally to children. Throughout their school years, students acquire thousands of new vocabulary words and learn to weave them into longer, more elaborate phrases and sentences. As they read, listen to, and discuss complex text, book language stops feeling like a foreign language, becoming a powerful means of communication.
At Reading Shift, we create lessons that reflect this advanced perspective on literacy, allowing even students with limited decoding and spelling skills to make noticeable progress in reading, spelling, writing and comprehending complex language by the end of their very first lesson. In fact, this approach benefits any student who struggles or is disinterested in literacy.
The four key principles behind Reading Shift's enrichment and intervention lessons:
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Develops spoken and written language in unison by emphasizing morphemes—the universal building blocks of words; phrases—the universal building blocks of sentences; and syntax—the blueprint for arranging morphemes, words, and phrases in written and spoken sentences.
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Teaches reading, spelling, and sentence writing as a single, interconnected, and mutually reinforcing process, rather than as separate skills. Students learn the sensible patterns and meaningful relationships that form the foundation of literacy.
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Provides reading practice through stories containing progressively more complex words, vocabulary, and sentences. Each story is preceded by two pages of rehearsal activities that provide practice with these challenging elements. As a result, students read the stories with noticeably greater fluency and comprehension, requiring far fewer corrections.
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Uses cognitive learning principles to enhance and deepen learning. All Reading Shift activities are designed using evidence-based cognitive learning principles that strengthen learning by enhancing memory, attention, recall, and application.
Let’s look at each of these principles in depth.
Develop Spoken and Written Language in Unison
There are three major, but often overlooked, components of spoken and written language found in every sentence in English (graphic). The key to comprehending and writing complex text is learning how morphemes, phrases, and sentence structure (syntax) work together to build sentences.
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Morphemes: Every word, spoken or written, is composed of meaningful units called morphemes—the fundamental building blocks of words. Words are either morphemes by themselves, like teach and water, or are composed of a base morpheme and suffixes and prefixes, like re+teach+ing and con+struct+ion. Morphemes drive word identification, spelling, and vocabulary growth
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Phrases are groups of words that contain either a noun or a verb, but not both. Phrases are the universal building blocks of oral and written sentences, and bridge the gap between individual words and full sentences. They also amplify the meaning of words. "my kind students" carries a richer meaning than the isolated words. Phrases are also an essential component of reading and writing fluency.
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Syntax is the arrangement of morphemes, words, and phrases to construct meaningful sentences. It is the level of language that matters most for reading and writing fluency, reading comprehension, and written expression. Ultimately, sentence-level skills strongly predict and largely determine overall text-level comprehension.
“[If] you want to turn on the language network in the brain, [instruction] must be syntactically structured.” Julie VanDyke
"Exposure to book language provides opportunities for learning words and syntactic constructions that are only rarely encountered in speech… this rich experience drives further language & literacy developments." "Book language" Nation, Dawson & Hsiao (2022).
Reading, Spelling & Writing as a
Single Interconnected Process
Reading Shift lessons develop reading, spelling, and sentence writing as a single, interconnected process—not as separate skills. To easily accomplish this, we developed The Seven Layers of Literacy Lesson Plan.
Every lesson in the 12-lesson Sparking the Reading Shift: Language-Literacy Enrichment and the 16-lesson Sparking the Reading Shift: Language-Literacy Intervention follows this plan. Both versions allow the full range of underperforming students—from those with dyslexia and developmental language disorders to those who struggle with fluency, spelling, or sentence writing—to immediately read, spell, and write at a higher level.
Each lesson unfolds, as follows:
First, Read, Spell and Understand Complex Words:
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Read Complex Words:
Rather than focus on just decoding, Reading Shift develops The Three Word Forms, combining phonemes (pronunciation), and graphemes and morphemes, which together provide spelling and meaning. -
Spell Complex Words
Next, students learn that every word in all the world's languages is either a morpheme, a meaningful chuck by itself, like water, power or teach, or contains a core morpheme call a base and suffixes and prefixes, as needed. They spell and read morphological word sums: con+struct+ion → construction un+heal+th+y → unhealthy -
Understand Complex Words by tying the morphological base meaning to vocabulary development.
Next, Combine Words into Two Word Natural Pairs and Three Word Phrases
The Building Blocks of Sentences. Phrases combine unrelated words into new concepts.
4. Build Two-Word Collocations: ice cream, calm down, touch grass (ask a teen)
Build Three-word Phrases: The building blocks of elaborate sentences: the young girl, was talking gently, to her friends
Finally, Combine Phrases into Engaging Sentences
5. Create Rich Sentences by combining two- and three-word phrases
6. Fluency with Engaging Sentences: Reading and writing fluency are tightly linked, both linguistically and neurologically.
7. Comprehend Complex Sentences: Sentence comprehension is the strongest determiner of text level comprehension.
Examples below.
Progressively More Complex Reading Practice
Fluency & Comprehension Enhancing Rehearsal Practice
Sparking the Fluency Shift is a collection of 36 short stories designed to accelerate fluency and comprehension using increasingly complex words and sentences. Ranging from a first-grade (six-year-old) level to a solid sixth-grade reading level, these stories allow all students—including those with significant reading delays—to progress to above grade-level reading, just like proficient readers. To produce immediate and noticeable growth in reading ease, enjoyment, and understanding, Sparking the Fluency Shift incorporates unique methods grounded in current research:
Rehearsal Practice: Each story is preceded by two pages of rehearsal activities that provide practice with challenging spellings, vocabulary, and sentence structures before students encounter them in the text. As a result, students easily read more complex material immediately, requiring far fewer fluency-disrupting corrections from the teacher.
Reflective Repeated Reading provides a unique advancement on traditional repeated reading. Students repeatedly read sentences that vary slightly in wording, prosody, or meaning which they must figure out. This requires greater attention and reasoning compared to simple repetition. Reflective repeated reading explicitedly builds fluency in unison with comprehension.
Phrase Reading: Fluent readers don't read in a word-by-word manner; instead, they group words into expressive phrases—a key element of prosody. Expressive phrase reading reflects a deeper grasp of a text's meaning.
Syntax: Understanding complex sentence structures is critical to reading and writing fluency, comprehension, and enjoyment. Rehearsal activities and stories are intentionally designed to enhance a reader’s mastery of complex sentence structures—not just individual words.
Reading Shift Activities
Level One - Read Complex Words with Focused Attention
Each page in Sparking the Reading Shift is a self-contained activity that uses one or more cognitive learning principles to heighten instruction. Each lesson starts with three to five "read complex words" activities. These activities have proven to be highly effective with students who have responded slowly to systematic phonics instruction.
In this activity, Tricky Words Challenge, students must attend to the fine details in minimal contrast words. The instruction simply prompts the student to circle the letter that makes the /a/ in flag. Note that some of the word pairs contain common divergent sound-spellings, such as done, gone, give and some. Learning complex words is greatly simplified when done using this compare and contrast format.
Layer 2 - Spell Complex Words
Morphological Decoding using Desirable Difficulty
Desirable difficulty is a key cognitive learning principle. Instead of explaining everything in detail, forcing the student to figure out or apply information or skills leads to heightened learning. All Reading Shift activities have a degree of desirable difficulty which turns instruction into a challenge. Students take on these challenges with gusto, making the activities feel like a game.
Uncover the Hidden Word Challenge: Students figure out how to identify the base morpheme in words . This is how all complex English words are are constructed.
Day One Teaching Success: You simply show students how to circle the easy-to-read suffixes and prefixes which reveals the core morpheme, called a base, which all English words contain. The key to reading & spelling longer words.
Additional Spell It Activities: There are two more Spell Complex Words activities, one that introduces morphological word sums which divides words into their component morphemes - con + struct + ion
Layer 3 - Understand Complex Words
Morphological Word Families with Deliberate Practice
All activities provide deliberate practice focused on specific language and literacy skills and abilities.
Build Bigger Words Challenge - Morphological Matrix
Understanding how words are composed of meaningful chunks called morphemes is the key to word recognition, vocabulary growth and spelling in English. Students simply draw lines between the affixes and the base, a core morpheme found in all words. Then they write the word as a word sum and as a whole word.
Desirable Difficulty: Figure out how to combine prefixes and suffixes with base morphemes to build complex words.
Additional Mean It Activities: There are two additional morphological activities, in addition to the Spell Complex Words activities.
Layer 4 - Create Rich Phrases
Building Complex Phrases Linguistic Reasoning
Build a Three-Word Phrase Challenge: While most reading programs stick to word-level instruction--sometimes for months- students learn to build phrases during the first lesson. Phrases form a nice bridge between word study and sentence construction. More importantly, phrases are the building blocks of sentences. This activity involves retrieval practice. One information is taught, learning happens wht it is retrieved, rehearsed and applied in context.
Increased Complexity: Students immediately practice combining, spelling and reading words into phrases. This is also a powerful spelling activity. .
Desirable Difficulty: Use knowledge of how words combine to create meaning to figure out how to build three word phrases. This is a language comprehension activity.
Sparking the Reading Shift includes a natural word pair building activity and a phrase comparison activity.
Layer 5 - Create Engaging Sentences
Building Complex Sentences Using Syntax Awareness
Build a Sentence Challenge: This activity is often used to assess syntactic awareness, the ability to monitor, reflect on, and manipulate the grammatical structure of sentences. This is a critical component of sentence and text-level comprehension.
Increased Complexity: During the first lesson students are building complex sentences with two- and three-word phrases.
Desirable Difficulty: Figure out how to combine three scrambled phrases to make meaningful sentences. Enriches comprehension skills.
Additional Activities: Sparking the Reading Shift includes two additional sentence construction activities that aid comprehension.
Layer 6 - Fluency with Elaborate Sentences
Develop Reading & Writing Fluency using Student Choice
Giving students agency, the ability to choose the phrases that combine into sentences, significantly boosts motivation.
Sentence Matrix Challenge: Both reading and writing fluency involve effortless assembling of phrases. In reading, this is called prosody.
Our brains actually assemble words into phrases before we speak.
In this activity, students get to pick which phrases to combine into sentences, which heightens engagement. This, too, is a language/reading comprehension activity as well as a good sense of syntax - sentence structure.
The Challenge: Figure out how to combine phrases into sentences.
Additional Sentence Fluency Activities including sentence pyramids and a phrase / prosody activity.
Layer 7 - Comprehend Complex Sentences
Spaced Retrieval Practice
Spacing the activities out over many lessons and requiring students to recall and apply learning is the most well-established cognitive learning principles.
Find the Hidden Meaning Challenge: Students answer grammatical questions to figure out the meaning of phrases. Nouns, verbs and prepositional phrases are core building blocks not just of sentences but of grammar, the blueprint for language. This strongly influences overall reading comprehension.
The Challenge: Figuring out the function of phrases in a sentence, a powerful way of building comprehension.
Additional Comprehension Activities: Sparking the Reading Shift includes paraphrasing and sentence combining activities for comprehension.
Sparking the Reading Shift
note: If you are unsure which program to choose, email Bruce@ReadingShift.com or start with the Enrichment program. 130 pages
I consolidated the Seven Layers of Literacy Lesson Plan and the 18 activites into two streamlined programs: the 12-lesson Sparking the Reading Shift: Language-Literacy Enrichment and the 16-lesson Sparking the Reading Shift: Language-Literacy Intervention.
Each lesson contains about 12 distinct activities that progress students from reading, spelling and writing increasing more complex words and sentences using the seven layers of literacy lesson plan.
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It is easy for educators, new teachers, and parents to use without training.
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Each page contains a ready-to-use word or sentence activity, complete with word lists and brief instructions.
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A 30-minute session once or twice a week is enough to produce noticeable growth quickly. There is no need to follow a fixed schedule, as spreading a lesson over a week or so also produces satisfactory results.
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This is a consumable workbook in which students continually read, spell, and write words, phrases, and sentences directly in the book.
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Language-Literacy Intervention ($32) contains 16 one-hour lessons. It begins with simpler words and progresses at a slower pace. It is widely used with students aged seven to seventeen who require extended support from a special education or reading teacher. 148 pages
Language-Literacy Enrichment ($20) is designed for students aged 6 to 60 who experience reading fluency, spelling, and/or sentence-writing difficulties, including students who read at grade level but do not enjoy reading.
Sparking the Fluency Shift
Immediate, Successful & Motivating Fluency & Comprehension Development
Sparking the Fluency Shift ($24), a collection of 36 short stories, each preceded by rehearsal practice featuring pre-reading fluency and comprehension-boosting exercises. Students practice reading the more challenging spellings, longer words, unfamiliar vocabulary, and complex phrases and sentences before encountering them in the stories. As a result, they read the stories with significantly greater accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and enjoyment. Comprehension scores typically improve by a grade level or more compared to a cold reading of the same material.
The stories begin at a basic first-grade level (approximately age 6) and progress to a solid sixth grade reading level. This gives students the opportunity to advance to above-grade-level reading levels, just as their proficient peers do.
Each grade level contains up to eight stories. Each story is slightly but noticeably more challenging than the previous one, allowing students to confidently move up book levels more frequently. This provides much-needed motivation for both students and teachers alike.
For a free, three-story sample complete with rehearsal practice activities at the 1st, 3rd and 5th grade levels, click here
Worth considering...
Sparking the Reading Shift and Sparking the Fluency Shift are available in PDF format for immediate download or in print, by mail (scroll right below). Consider your printing costs for the 120-to-150-page books when choosing between the PDF and print version. US Priority Mail is only about $8.
Purchasers of print material are three times more likely to implement the instruction compared to digital downloads.
Email me with questions. Bruce@ReadingShift.com.
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